Fig. 1

Inoculation of areca palm velarivirus 1 (APV1) with P. cryptus mealybugs caused YLD symptom on betel palm seedlings. The P. cryptus with or without APV1 were transferred to healthy areca palm seedlings. After an inoculation access period (IAP) of 72 h, the plants were sprayed with acetamiprid to kill the mealybugs. a and b Symptoms after mock inoculation with P. cryptus carrying no APV1, or inoculation with P. cryptus carrying APV1 at 120 dpi. c Leaf symptoms development after inoculation with P. cryptus carrying APV1 from 0 to 120 dpi