Fig. 2

Regulator genes, NHR genes, sRNAs, and lncRNAs involved in Phytophthora resistance. Plants utilize an assortment of components to regulate Phytophthora resistance. For example, members of receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase subfamily VII (RLCK-VII) act downstream of the PRRs and are targeted by RxLR25. In the signaling transduction process, MAPK cascade-involved MPK4, StMPK7, StMKK1, MAPK3/6, and MKK2, salicylic acid (SA) signaling- and ETI-related EDS1, PAD4, and NDR1, are important regulators in plant immunity. In the defense execution stage, camalexin and indole glucosinolates (iGS) biosynthesis-related PAD3, MYB51, and CYP81F2, pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins P14a, P14b, and P14c, positively regulate immune responses to Phytophthora pathogens. On the contrary, the plasma membrane-associated protein REM1.3 acts as a susceptibility factor that promotes pathogen infection. Besides, different types of genes are also involved in Phytophthora resistance. The transcription factor such as SpWRKY3 promotes PR gene expression, and WRKY1 activates expression of lncRNA33732. GmDIR22, GmACSs, and AtRTP5 involve in the regulation of lignan, ET, and SA/JA biosynthesis, respectively. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized proteins (GmDAD1, NAC089, RTP1, bZIP28, and bZIP60), Phytophthora effector targets (BPA1, BPLs, StNRL1, PIPs, GmPUB13, and NbRZ-1A), non-host resistance (NHR) genes (PSS1, PEN1, EDR1, EAS, EAH, AtFOLT1, and AtPUB33), sRNAs (miR393, miR159, and miR398b), lncRNAs (lncRNA33732 and nalncFL7), helper NLRs (NRC2 and NRC4), and other regulator genes (Stphot1, StSWAP70, StPM1, StRbohC, FL7, Raf36, StUBA2a/b, RBOHD, EDS8, ETR1, PAD2, and PEN2) are also required for the signaling transduction and defense execution processes