Diversity of Pythium spp. associated with soybean damping-off, and management implications by using foliar fungicides as seed treatments

Table 3 Effects of using commercial foliar fungicides as seed treatments on stand count, vigor, damping-off incidence (%), and yields in a soybean field inoculated with Pythium ultimum var. ultimum at West Curtiss Research Farm, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa^x

Fungicides	Stand count	Plant vigor^y	Damping-off Incidence (%)	Yield (mt/ha)	Advantage over control
Fungicides	Stand count	Plant vigor^y	Damping-off Incidence (%)	Yield (mt/ha)	Yield (mt/ha)	Economic (USD/ha)^z
Aproach	551.5a	8.8ba	1.07ba	5.36a	0.31	123.9
Endura	588.0a	9.0a	0.59edc	5.22ba	0.17	67.8
Evito	563.0a	8.8ba	0.62ede	5.20ba	0.15	60.5
Headline	588.3a	9.0a	0.51ed	5.24ba	0.19	74.9
Priaxor	577.5a	9.0a	0.31e	5.33a	0.28	109.4
Quadris	570.0a	8.5ba	0.80bdc	5.31a	0.25	100.9
Stratego YLD	575.3a	8.8ba	0.88bac	5.31a	0.26	103.9
Sercadis	574.5a	8.8ba	0.63edc	5.26ba	0.21	84.2
Control	570.8a	8.3b	1.21a	5.05b	0	0

^xResults are average of 4 replications each with 16.2 m² plot in RCBD design. Means within column followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different from each other at 5% level of significance (P < 0.05). ^ybased on a 1–9 scale at growth stage V5, where 1 = poor and 9 = excellent. ^zbased on soybean price $397/mt on Sept 30, 2017. (https://ycharts.com/indicators/us_soybean_price_world_bank)