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Table 4 The crop, stress, and analysis technique used to describe severity measurement using visible spectrum (RGB) image analysis with symptom segmentation. The superscript numbers cross-reference the “Reference” with the “Analysis software/technique” and “Symptom measured” for each study. For example, in the first row ‘Color Transformations’ and ‘filtering’ were used only by Camargo and Smith, and ‘Scion image’ only by Wijekoon. Both measured ‘Area affected’

From: From visual estimates to fully automated sensor-based measurements of plant disease severity: status and challenges for improving accuracy

Cropa

Analysis software/technique

Symptom measured

References

Alfalfa

Color transformations8, filtering8, Scion Image38

Area affected8,38

Camargo and Smith (2009)8, Wijekoon et al. (2008)38

Apple

CNN37

Severity37

Wang et al. (2017)37

Banana

Color transformations8, filtering8

Area affected8,16

Camargo and Smith (2009)8

Bean

Mathematical morphology3,4,5, color transformations5, color analysis9, thresholding31, Scion Image38

Area affected4,5,9,31,38, Deformation9

Barbedo (2016a, 2016b)4, Barbedo (2017)5, Contreras-Medina et al. (2012)9, Škaloudová et al. (2006)31, Wijekoon et al. (2008)38

Cassava

Mathematical morphology4,5, color transformations5, ImageJ22, support vector classifier25, k-nearest neighbors25, extra trees25

Area affected4,5,22, Severity levels25

Barbedo (2016a, 2016b)4, Barbedo (2017)5, Mutka et al. (2016)22, Mwebaze and Owomugisha (2016)25

Citrus

Mathematical morphology4,5, color transformations5, Assess 1.06,7

Area affected4,5,6,7, Number of lesions6

Barbedo (2016a, 2016b)4, Barbedo (2017)5, Bock et al. (2008a, 2008b)6, Bock et al. (2009a, 2009b)7

Coconut

Mathematical morphology4,5, color transformations5

Area affected4,5

Barbedo (2016a, 2016b)4, Barbedo (2017)5

Coffee

Color transformations3,5,29, mathematical morphology3,4,5, thresholding29, CNN41

Area affected3,4,5,29, Severity levels41

Barbedo (2014)3, Barbedo (2016a, 2016b)4, Barbedo (2017)3, Price et al. (1993)29, Esgario et al. (2019)41

Cotton

Mathematical morphology4,5, color transformations5

Area affected4,5

Barbedo (2016a, 2016b)4, Barbedo (2017)5

Cucumber

Color comparison2, self-organizing map + linear perceptron13,17, Photoshop 6.0 + Matrox Inspector 2.218, Superpixel clustering + expectation maximization39

Area affected2,13,17,18,39

Bakr (2005)2, Goclawski et al. (2012)13, Kuźniak et al. (2014)17, Kwack et al. (2005)18, Zhang et al. (2019)39

Grapevine

Mathematical morphology4,5, color transformations5, ImageJ27

Area affected4,5,27

Barbedo (2016a, 2016b)4, Barbedo (2017)5, Peressotti et al. (2011)27

Maize

Assess 2.01, mathematical morphology4, 5, color transformations5,8, filtering8, thresholding20, Scion Image38

Area affected1,4,5,20,38, Pustule count1

Bade and Carmona (2011)1, Barbedo (2016a, 2016b)4, Barbedo (2017)5, Camargo and Smith (2009)8, Martin and Rybicki (1998)20, Wijekoon et al. (2008)38

Oat

Color transformations19, thresholding19,36

Area affected19,36

Macedo-Cruz et al. (2011)19, Tucker and Chakraborty (1997)36

Passion fruit

Color transformations3,5, mathematical morphology3,4,5

Area affected3,4,5

Barbedo (2014)3, Barbedo (2016a, 2016b)4, Barbedo (2017)5

Pumpkin

Color analysis9,17

Area affected9,17, Deformation9

Contreras-Medina et al. (2012)9, Kuźniak et al. (2014)17

Rice

Mathematical morphology4, fractal dimensions + fuzzy C-means40

Area affected4, Severity40

Barbedo (2016a, 2016b)4, Zhou et al. (2013)40

Soybean

Color transformations3,5,30, mathematical morphology3,4,5,30, DCNN12, Linear Discriminant Analysis + Support Vector Machine23

Area affected3,4,5,30, Severity12,23, number of lesions30

Barbedo (2014)3, Barbedo (2016a, 2016b)4, Barbedo (2017)5, Ghosal et al. (2018)12, Naik et al. (2017)23, Shrivastava et al. (2015)30

Sugar beet

Color transformations3, mathematical morphology3, Assess 2.010

Area affected3,10

Barbedo (2014)3, De Coninck et al. (2012)10

Sugarcane

Mathematical morphology4,5, color transformations5,26, thresholding26

Area affected4,5,26

Barbedo (2016a, 2016b)4, Barbedo (2017)5, Patil and Bodhe (2011)26

Tomato

Color transformations3, mathematical morphology3, Self-organizing maps + Bayesian classifier14, thresholding18,28, Assess 2.2435

Area affected3,14,18,28,35

Barbedo (2014)3, Hernández-Rabadán et al. (2014)14, Lindow and Webb (1983)18, Pethybridge and Nelson (2015)28, Sun et al. (2014)35

Wheat

Mathematical morphology4,5, color transformations5, Assess 2.011, Chan-Vese model + PCA15, Assess 1.021,32, ImageJ33,34, Scion Image38

Area affected4,5,11,15,21,32,38, Number of lesions33,34

Barbedo (2016a, 2016b)4, Barbedo (2017)5, El Jarroudi et al. (2015)11, Hu et al. (2017)15, Mirik et al. (2006)21, Steddom et al. (2005)32, Stewart and McDonald (2014)33, Stewart et al. (2016)34, Wijekoon et al. (2008)38

  1. aThere are a some crops with only one associated reference: Arabidopsis thaliana (Laflamme et al. 2016), avocado (Kerguelen and Hoddle 1999), barley (Kokko et al. 2000), black pepper (Barbedo 2016a, 2016b), bracken fern (Lindow and Webb 1983), California buckeye (Lindow and Webb 1983), cashew (Barbedo 2016a, 2016b), clover (Wijekoon et al. 2008), collards (Pethybridge and Nelson 2015), dahlia (Bakr 2005), goldenrod (Goodwin and Hsiang 2010), green bean (Bakr 2005), kale (Barbedo 2016a, 2016b), lilac (Pethybridge and Nelson 2015), lily-of-the-valley (Goodwin and Hsiang 2010), lima bean (Pethybridge and Nelson 2015), mallow (Pethybridge and Nelson 2015), melon (Barbedo 2016a, 2016b), palm tree (Barbedo 2016a, 2016b), papaya (Barbedo 2016a, 2016b), peanut (Barbedo 2014), pepper (Contreras-Medina et al. 2012), Phalaenopsis seedling (Huang 2007), phlox (Goodwin and Hsiang 2010), plane tree (Clément et al. 2015), potato (Wijekoon et al. 2008), rose (Bakr 2005), squash (Bakr 2005), subterranean clover (Kruse et al. 2014), sunflower (Tucker and Chakraborty 1997), sweet cherry (Olmstead et al. 2001), sycamore (Lindow and Webb 1983), turfgrass (Horvath and Vargas 2005), vigna (Bakr 2005), watermelon (Pethybridge and Nelson 2015), yellow starthistle (Berner and Paxson 2003)