Fig. 5

Determination of systemic infection in inoculated plants by PalMV. a PalMV-inoculated P. alopecuroides plants displayed severe mosaic symptom on upper leaves, while the mock-inoculated plants were healthy. b PalMV-inoculated maize plants showed severe mosaic symptom in systemically infected leaves, while the mock-inoculated plants were healthy. c PalMV-inoculated millet plants showed a dwarfing phenotype and severe mosaic symptom on leaves. d Slight mosaic symptoms were observed on upper leaves of PalMV-inoculated wheat, sorghum, and rice plants. e Detection of PalMV by RT-PCR with the primer pair of CP-F and CP-R in inoculated plants. Lane M, DL2000 DNA ladder (TSINGKE, Beijing). Lanes 1 to 6 indicate PCR products amplified from infected leave samples of Nicotiana benthamiana, Zea mays, Setaria italica, Triticum aestivum, Sorghum bicolor and Oryza sativa, respectively. Lane 7, negative control. Leaves mechanically inoculated with phosphate buffer were used as negative control (Mock). Bars = 1 cm