Fig. 1

The training systems in the surveyed vineyards and symptoms on 19-year-old ‘Cabernet’ grapevines. a–c Foliar symptoms of GLSD-like (Esca complex) disease, initially appeared as chlorotic spots and subsequently coalesced, turned dark red, and finally became necrotic. d–f Internal symptoms of the same vine with foliar symptoms: discolored wood showing white rot and brown necrosis. g, h The mini “J” and vertical training systems in the surveyed vineyards in Hebei and Ningxia provinces, China