Fig. 2

An overview of sphingolipid functions in plant immunity. ABA: abscisic acid; ACD5, ceramide kinase; ACD11, ceramide-P transporter; Cers, ceramides; Cer-P: ceramide-phosphate; CPK3: CALCIUM-DEPENDENT KINASE; CTR1, CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE 1; CW: cell wall; EDS1: ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY; EIN2: ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ET: ethylene; FB1: Fumonisin B1, an inhibitor of ceramide synthase; FBR12, FB1-RESISTANT 12; flg22: flagellin-derived peptide flagellin 22; FLS2: FLAGELLIN SENSING 2; GIPCs: glycosyl inositol phosphoceramides; GlcCers: glucosylceramides; JA: jasmonic acid; LCBs, long-chain bases; LCBs-P, long-chain base-phosphate; LOH: LAG ONE HOMOLOGUES, ceramide synthases; MPK6: mitogen-activated protein kinase 6; Mt, mitochondrion; NLPs: necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide 1-like proteins; ORMs: orosomucoid-like proteins; PAD4: PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4; PCD: programmed cell death; PD: plasmodesmata; PDLP5: PD-LOCATED PROTEIN 5; PM: plasma membrane; PRs, PATHOGENESIS-RELATED proteins; RBOHD: RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOGUE D; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SA: salicylic acid; SAMs: sphinganine-analog mycotoxins; TRV, tobacco rattle virus; VDACs: voltage-dependent anion channels; VPE: vacuolar processing enzyme; SL: sphingolipid; t18:0: phytosphingosine or 4-hydroxysphinganine