Fig. 1
From: Molecular mechanisms of Ustilaginoidea virens pathogenicity and their utilization in disease control
The network of cAMP-MAPK pathways in Ustilaginoidea virens. The signal molecule cAMP is generated by the adenylate cyclase UvAc1 but is degraded by the phosphodiesterase UvPdeH. UvAc1 interacts with UvCAP1 and UvPdeH. Cyclic AMP activates the PKA pathway. UvSte50, as a MAPK adapter, interacts with UvCAP1, UvAc1, UvHog1, UvSte7, and UvSte11. UvSte7 and UvSte11 interact with UvPmk1. In addition, UvSte7 and UvSte11 function upstream of UvHog1, Kss1, and Fus3. Pkc1 activates MKK1 and MKK2, while MKK1 and MKK2 in turn phosphorylate UvSlt2. The MAPK cascades involving UvHog1, UvPmk1, and UvSlt2 play important roles in the regulation of hyphal growth, conidiogenesis, stress responses, and/or pathogenicity in U. virens. ATP, Adenosine triphosphate; cAMP, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate; 5′AMP, Adenosine 5′-monophosphate; MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase; MKK, MAPK kinase; MKKK, MKK kinase. Created with BioRender (www. BioRender.com)