Fig. 1

Distribution and symptoms of SoSGV. a Geographic map highlighting all regions with confirmed incidences of SoSGV (in orange), as well as regions with new emerging cases reported in the current study (in purple). Red dots represent sites where SoSGV was detected, while white dots indicate no SoSGV was found in the samples. The right panel shows the field symptoms commonly associated with SoSGV infection, including the typical stay-green syndrome. Two regions displaying these symptoms are shown. b Symptom classification of collected stay-green soybean samples. Class I (I) refers to samples with obvious flat pod symptoms and a normal number of pods, while Class II (II) indicates samples with non-flattened pods and a significantly reduced number of pods. Class III (III) denotes samples with non-flattened pods and a normal number of pods