Table 1 Average difference in girth and height between the alleyway and the previous tree station trees in the first year after planting (2016) and at the end of the trial (2021)

−0.2 ± 0.16

5.0 ± 0.32

−14.8 ± 7.55

24.0 ± 3.27

0.03 ± 0.37

3.7 ± 1.19

2.8 ± 1.09

47.0 ± 16.82

0.13 ± 0.24

2.0 ± 0.48

2.3 ± 10.04

11.0 ± 6.03

0.2 ± 0.12

0.7 ± 0.46

12.0 ± 9.24

−6.0 ± 9.24

0.1 ± 0.23

0.5 ± 1.2

8.5 ± 7.97

−23.7 ± 25.62

−0.07 ± 0.12

−0.9 ± 1.79

4.0 ± 6.06

−26.0 ± 39.68

0.1 ± 0.08

−1.7 ± 0.73

14.0 ± 4.90

−1.0 ± 23.68