Fig. 3
From: Apple Valsa canker: insights into pathogenesis and disease control
Pathogenicity mechanisms of Vm. The action pathways of cell wall degrading enzymes, such as endo-β-1, 4-xylanase and pectate lyase, are shown using green arrows. Regulatory, synthetic, and secretory pathways of toxins are shown with purple arrows. Functional mechanisms of milRNAs that suppress endogenous genes in Vm and inhibit the apple resistance-related genes in a cross-kingdom manner are shown using yellow arrows. The action of the secreted proteins, including effectors and elicitors, are shown using blue arrows. Regulators, such as Gvm2, Gvm3, VmVeA, and VmVelB, are labeled using different shapes and colors. Immunity signal molecules and immunity-related proteins are also labeled using different shapes and colors. The transmission of host immunity signals is indicated using orange dashed lines